航天系统雷电防护技术发展综述及展望

为满足航天系统的全天候发射任务需求，加强航天系统对于雷电环境的适应性，对航天系统雷电防护技术的发展情况进行了综述。首先分析雷电环境对于航天系统产生的破坏效应，追踪了世界航天史上典型的雷击案例，系统梳理了国内外航天系统雷电防护标准规范。针对运载火箭雷电效应数值仿真技术、雷电防护设计技术和试验验证技术，雷电气象监测预警技术，地面雷电防护技术和接地技术等关键技术的发展情况进行了追踪。在此基础上，从我国航天工程雷电防护的实际需求出发，对未来我国航天系统雷电防护技术重点研究方向进行了展望。     

碳纤维复合材料雷击损伤的瞬态红外热成像检测

通过雷电模拟,对复合材料层合板试样进行雷击损伤试验。基于热扩散原理,针对不同的雷击试验件,采用波形为长脉冲形式的瞬态热激励方式对雷击损伤进行红外热成像检测,并对不同时刻的检测结果进行分析、比较,对缺陷轮廓进行界定,对结果进行定量测量。检测结果表明,无论是否对碳纤维复合材料表面进行防护,瞬态红外热成像方法均能够有效检测出雷击后的内部分层损伤,可对损伤的严重程度进行有效区分,能够对缺陷尺寸、面积进行准确测量。     

民用飞机配电网络过流保护分析方法研究

飞机配电网络过流保护分析是验证飞机电网设计合理性、可靠性和安全性的重要内容之一.因此,主要对飞机配电网络过流保护分析方法进行了研究,并提出了一种特性曲线法.该特性曲线法基于导线载流特性曲线和电网保护装置过流保护动作特性曲线,分析方法简单、实用,可用于支持合格审定阶段飞机配电网络设计验证.     

盾牌击打试验机的研究

在成功研制盾牌击打试验机的基础上，对盾牌击打试验机能量计算所涉及的理论进行了分析，用击打中心理论解释了击打棍的击打位置和击打能量之间的关系，并给出了试验的具体数据。     

C/E表面镀Al膜的原子氧试验

为了提高C/E复合材料的导电性及耐空间环境的能力,应用电弧离子镀技术在C/E复合材料表面沉积了A l膜,研究了地面模拟原子氧环境对C/E复合材料表面镀A l前后的侵蚀、质损及A l膜的附着力、导电性的影响。通过XRD、SEM、FT-IR、万能拉伸测试仪、FZ-82数字式四探针测试仪等测试分析样品。结果表明:电弧离子镀A l膜微米级以上颗粒较多,但分布均匀,膜层致密,附着力达2 N/mm2以上;原子氧对C/E复合材料侵蚀明显,镀铝后具有明显的防护作用;原子氧侵蚀后的A l膜电阻率有所上升,但还是有较好的导电性;辐照后的A l膜附着力比辐照前反而增加,其机理尚待进一步研究。     

空间碎片环境工程

文章提出了“空间碎片环境工程”的概念,并介绍了空间碎片防护技术所包含的内容及其国外发展现状。     

New results on planetary lightning

We present the latest observations from spacecraft and ground-based instruments in search for lightning activity in the atmospheres of planets in the solar system, and put them in context of previous research. Since the comprehensive book on planetary atmospheric electricity compiled by Leblanc et al. (2008), advances in remote sensing technology and telescopic optics enable detection of additional and new electromagnetic and optical emissions, respectively. Orbiting spacecraft such as Mars Express, Venus Express and Cassini yield new results, and we highlight the giant storm on Saturn of 2010/2011 that was probably the single most powerful thunderstorm ever observed in the solar system. We also describe theoretical models, laboratory spark experiments simulating conditions in planetary mixtures and map open issues.     

闪电路径与分形

介绍了利用分形学研究雷电所取得的进展．提出了将分形学与雷电特征参数相结合的动态描述雷电的设想．     

Nonlinear dynamics of a flapping rotary wing: Modeling and optimal wing kinematic analysis

The analysis of the passive rotation feature of a micro Flapping Rotary Wing(FRW)applicable for Micro Air Vehicle(MAV) design is presented in this paper. The dynamics of the wing and its influence on aerodynamic performance of FRW is studied at low Reynolds number(~10~3).The FRW is modeled as a simplified system of three rigid bodies: a rotary base with two flapping wings. The multibody dynamic theory is employed to derive the motion equations for FRW. A quasi-steady aerodynamic model is utilized for the calculation of the aerodynamic forces and moments. The dynamic motion process and the effects of the kinematics of wings on the dynamic rotational equilibrium of FWR and the aerodynamic performances are studied. The results show that the passive rotation motion of the wings is a continuous dynamic process which converges into an equilibrium rotary velocity due to the interaction between aerodynamic thrust, drag force and wing inertia. This causes a unique dynamic time-lag phenomena of lift generation for FRW, unlike the normal flapping wing flight vehicle driven by its own motor to actively rotate its wings. The analysis also shows that in order to acquire a high positive lift generation with high power efficiency and small dynamic time-lag, a relative high mid-up stroke angle within 7–15° and low mid-down stroke angle within -40° to -35° are necessary. The results provide a quantified guidance for design option of FRW together with the optimal kinematics of motion according to flight performance requirement.     

Carbon nanotube protected composite laminate subjected to lightning strike: Interlaminar film distribution investigation

A kind of interlaminar film with carbon nanotubes inserted into polyether ketone with cardo was used for lightning strike protection of composite laminates. The distribution of the interlaminar film was investigated by experimental and numerical methods. Artificial lightning strike tests were conducted for 12-film carbon nanotube and traditional surface silver coating protected specimens. Then corresponding finite element models (FEMs) were established to analyze the lightning strike effect and validated by the experimental results. Based on the FEMs, the number, distribution and thickness of interlaminar film were investigated in order to obtain equivalent protection effect with the traditional surface silver coating. The results show that only the first two layers were damaged for the surface silver coating protected specimen, while 5 layers were ablated for the 12-film protected specimen. Lightning strike damage area of the laminate protected with 5-film carbon nanotube is almost the same as that of the laminate protected with 12-film carbon nanotube. Compared with traditional surface silver coating protection, one film protection with thickness of 360 μm can make the laminate to obtain equivalent damage depth, 54.8% smaller damage area and 58% less additional weight. And reparability of the laminate is better than that of the laminate protected with 5 interlaminar films.